In this view, technological change is the driving force of social change as information exchange and cultural production displace heavy industry at the heart of economy. This gives a key role to knowledge production and planning. Robert Venturi, Charles Jenks and David Harvey have contributed a lot in this area.ĭuring 1970s the concept of postmodernism began to be connected with that of the post-industrial society, the increasingly service or knowledge dominated economies of the most advanced societies after World War a post-industrial society, characterized by the shift from industrial manufacturing to the service industries, now centred on information technology. The evisceration of historical reference demanded by international style was recognized as stylistically restrictive, rootless and meaningless and consequently, in the rejection of modernist architecture, along with an explicit adoption of ‘pop’ style, historical traditions have become the source of contemporary quotation and imitation. Housing, offices and cultural institutions all looked similar, and this stylistic uniformity was criticized for its inability to add anything to their environment. The very universal nature of international style’s application led to designs which failed to recognize the different functions of various buildings. Moreover, in 1970s, it came in architecture. The dominant characteristic of postmodernist novels is the pretence that it is impossible to write an original work and their paradoxical theme is writing about ‘end of writing …’ consequently art rather than nature became the object of imitation and a self-conscious reflexivity emerged. There have been many attempts to theorize the consequences and manifestations of postmodernism for literature, all usually running into problems of historical or formal definition. In fact, it is in the field of literary studies that the term ‘postmodernism’ has received widest usage and most verged debate. It was then employed in the literary criticism in the 1950s and 1960s referring to the reaction against literary modernism. It first appeared in English in 1939, used in two very different ways, by the theologian Bernard Iddings Bell, signifying the recognition of the failure of secular modernism and a return to religion, and by the historian Arnold Toynbee to refer to the post-World War I rise of mass society, in which the working class surpasses the capitalist class in importance. It resurfaced in the work of the Spanish literary critic Federico de Onis in 1934 to refer to the backlash against literary modernism.
The term ‘postmodern’, understood as distinguishing from the modem, seems to have been used first in 1917 by the German philosopher Rudolf Pannwitz, to describe the ‘nihilism’ of twentieth century’s Western culture – a theme he took from Friedrich Nietzsche. Before discussing about the conceptual analysis, it is essential to throw some lights on the sources of the origin of the philosophy. See also fibrous root taproot.However, people who think about such things as postmodernism do not agree whether postmodernism is a break from modernism or a continuation of modernism or both. Certain plants (such as the carrot and beet) have fleshy storage roots with abundant parenchyma in their vascular tissues. In certain plants, adventitious roots grow out from the stem above ground as aerial roots or prop roots, bending down into the soil, to facilitate the exchange of gases or increase support. These roots absorb minerals primarily through small epidermal structures known as root hairs. Only finer roots (known as feeder roots) actively take up water and minerals, generally in the uppermost meter of soil. In vascular plants, roots usually consist of a central cylinder of vascular tissue, surrounded by the pericycle and endodermis, then a thick layer of cortex, and finally an outer epidermis or (in woody plants) periderm. Eudicots and magnoliids have a central, longer, and larger taproot with many narrower lateral roots branching off, while monocots have a mass of threadlike fibrous roots, which are roughly the same length and remain close to the surface of the soil. A plant part that usually grows underground, secures the plant in place, absorbs minerals and water, and stores food manufactured by leaves and other plant parts.
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